The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. The Calusa Indians were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. This article first appeared in the magazines fall 2020 issue. The CalusaPeople of the Estuary. [7] The contemporary archeologists MacMahon and Marquardt suggest this statement may have been a misunderstanding of a requirement to marry a "clan-sister". One of the most notable traditions of the Calusa was their use of shell mounds. The Calusa used the canals to travel by canoe from their villages and ceremonial centers to coastal trading posts. The Spanish were used to dealing with natives who farmed and who provided the Spanish with some of their food.
They recovered various types of Spanish artifacts such as majolica ceramics, hand-wrought nails and spikes, a bale seal and olive jar sherds, as well as native artifacts. The archaeology of the Calusa is important worldwide in that it illustrates the development of very pronounced hierarchy, inequality, monumentality and large-scale infrastructure by hunter-gatherer-fisher societies, said Chris Rodning of Tulane University, who was not involved with this research. Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) Though eschewing agriculture once. Join CJ as he discusses: The origins of the Calusa Their physical description Their society, hierarchy, and religion People commonly occupied both fresh and saltwater wetlands. There were engineers. The Iroquois, on the other hand, placed the shaman at the head of all things spiritual. Florida Museum artifact photos by Jeff Gage. Their gods were living all around them. New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers. So, we needed information on large-scale architecture, the timing and tempo of shell midden mound formation and the timing of large-scale public architecture., Florida Museum illustration by Merald Clark. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. Additionally, it has been pointed out that tribute was sent to this chief from other tribes in south Florida. Some of the survivors were sent to Cuba by the Spanish, while others may have merged with other Floridian Indians and eventually joined the Seminole tribe. Typical Women's Work. The Calusa Indians, who live in southwest Florida, are weakened by epidemics. The National Geographic has reported that archaeologists have discovered an ancient Native American kings house in Florida. [15], The Calusa wore little clothing. But the Spanish not only refused to fight Caalus rivals, they also wanted to convert his people to Catholicism, which eventually led to conflict between the Spanish and the Calusa. Known as the first shell collectors, the Calusa used shells as tools, utensils, building materials, vessels for domestic and ceremonial use and for personal adornment. In the 1700's, infectious diseases, slaving raids and attacks by Creek and Yamasee Indians who were supplied with guns by the English, decimated the Calusa population. For hundreds of years, the Calusa built a society that had its own government, a religion, and adaptation to the environment that is quite impressive. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. Would you like to help support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages? Many smaller tribes were constantly watching for these marauding warriors. Among other things. The men wore deerskin breechcloths. But our work over the past 35 years has shown the Calusa developed a politically complex society with sophisticated architecture, religion, a military, specialists, long-distance trade and social ranking all without being farmers.. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. The Jesuit Menendez noted that in the early hours of the morning, Carlos would sit on a stool with his people around him to discuss the ideas presented by the missionaries. The site of the excavation appears to be linked with Calusa ceremonialism and was one location at which wooden carvings, probably used in ritual, were housed. A new tribe that entered Florida either from the islands or the north at the start of the Christian Era, the Calusa dominated South Florida with their statute, skills, and brutality. Though not all have survived, carvings included a sea turtle, alligator, pelican, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf, wildcat, mountain lion, and a deer, many of which were painted black, white, gray-blue, and brownish-red. Native Americans enjoyed a wide variety of entertainment in the form of sports, games, music, dance, and festivals. One example of a shell mound can be found at a site known as Mound Key at Estero Bay in Lee County.
Unlike most Florida Indian tribes . The researchers used ground penetrating radar and LiDAR to locate and map the forts structures, which they then partially excavated. In several cases where the waterlogged objects dried and disintegrated into unrecognizable forms, the paintings and photographs provide the only surviving record (see Fig. Nets were woven with a standard mesh size; nets with different mesh sizes were used seasonally to catch the most abundant and useful fish available. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that Calusa meant "fierce people" in their language. Tamara Jager Stewart is the assistant editor of American Archaelogy and the Conservancys Southwest region projects director. Florida Museum of Natural History Florida and Georgia archaeologists have discovered the location of Fort San Antn de Carlos, home of one of the first Jesuit missions in North America. [2] The Tequesta tribe had only a few survivors by . The Calusas were one of the few North American Indian tribes who were ruled by a hereditary king. 8, 9). While estimates vary, their population probably numbered between 4,000 and 10,000. Historical documents indicate that by the mid-1700s, the dwindling Calusa population had fled to Cuba, or the Florida Keys. 10 They believed that humans had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. He had a council which may have included one or more head priests and one or two high-ranking individuals involved in political and religious decision-making. Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. The watercolors illustrate the blue, black, gray, and brownish-red pigments found on many of the wooden specimens. On that trip, Juan and his mates are said to have been attacked by the Calusa Indians, a large and fearsome group of natives who made their living from the sea. You could hire a shaman and pay for his services. They established a complex, centralized government, constructed a canal system, the beginnings of organized religion, and the creating of many art forms. I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, about Archaeologists Verify Location of Elusive Spanish Fort at Florida's Mound Key, about Ingeniously Engineered Watercourts Fueled Floridas Calusa Kingdom, about Grand Ceremonial House of the King of the Calusa People Has Been Located in Florida, Mother and Child Reunion Of Thetis And Achilles, Seductive Sirens of Greek Mythology and How Heroes Resisted Them, Celestial Goddess Selene: The Ancient Greek Goddess of the Moon, Pegasus of Greek Mythology: Majestic Winged Horse of Mount Olympus, Dreams of Human-Powered Flight: Daedalus and the Story of Icarus, The Warriors Who Shaped African History: The Horsemen of Oyo, Royal Mistress Jane Shore Walked Streets of London in her Underwear, Leonardo Da Vincis Notes Show He Understood Gravity Long Before Newton, Talks Begin on Repatriating Remains of Patrick Sarsfield, Irish War Hero, The Ramessid Dynasty: A Golden Era in Ancient Egypt, Researchers Decode Secret Encrypted Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, Unraveling the Mystery of the Carnac Stones: An Ancient Puzzle of Epic Proportions, Unraveling the Enigma of Aramu Muru, The Mysterious Gate of the Gods, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety. Index of Indigenous languages
What is the origin of the legend of the Christed Son who was born of a virgin on December 25th? The chief had many wives: one principal wife and others given to him by surrounding villages. Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa during the 1540s and 1550s. Their territory was bounded in northwest Florida by the Aucilla and Ochlockonee rivers, and . The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. Cushings knowledge of American Indian culture, and specifically his experiences at Zuni Pueblo, helped him make rapid judgments about objects which in many cases were disintegrating before him. Certain ceremonies were performed to seal the alliance (and perhaps also as a display of the might of the Calusa), and was witnessed by over 4000 people. Diseases would ravage their population and force . Artist's conception of town chief at the Calusa town of Tampa (present day Pineland) (Art by Merald Clark.) (2004). When the Spanish explored the coast of Florida, they soon became the targets of the Calusa, and this tribe is said to have been the first one that the explorers wrote home about.
Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. One illustration of the sophistication of the Calusa can be found in eyewitness accounts of an event in 1566. Native Americans of the California Coast: The Chumash By Damian Bacich The Chumash are a widespread group of California native people who lived along the southern California coast and the Santa Barbara Channel Islands. Calusa Protective Spell-Tampa This piece of folklore came from my co-worker, who grew up in Tampa, Florida. Around A.D. 1250, the area experienced a drop in sea level that, according to research team member Karen Walker, collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, may have impacted fish populations enough to have prompted the Calusa to design and build the watercourts. The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. Fruit and roots were gathered, and deer, bear, and raccoon were probably eaten as well. The Calusa kingdom had an estimated 20,000 people and ranks among the most politically complex groups of hunter-gatherers of the historic world. At the time of the excavations Cushing did not know the name or precise age of the Indians whose world he had discovered. google_ad_height = 15;
They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. And, although some of Cushings ideas about the Indians he had discovered and their relationship to tribes in the Caribbean and South America have not remained popular among scholars, his descriptive notes and insights are of unquestionable value. It is clear the Calusa possessed an extraordinary understanding of and sensitivity to their natural environment. The chief organized warfare and possessed special and traditional religious knowledge. The "nobles" resisted conversion in part because their power and position were intimately tied to the belief system; they were intermediaries between the gods and the people. The Calusa (/klus/ k-LOO-s) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. The Calusa also believed that three supernatural beings ruled the universe. [5] A few leaders governed the tribe. South Florida Archaeology and Ethnography, South Florida Archaeology & Ethnography Collection. . Marquardt, W. H. (2014). The canals were maintained until the mid-1700s, when the tribe disappeared from . MacMahon, Darcie A. and William H. Marquardt. Tracking the Calusa: A Retrospective. [10][11][12], Mollusk shells and wood were used to make hammering and pounding tools. See answer (1) Best Answer. 3). ln 2017, funded by the National Science Foundation, the research team began a systematic investigation of these structures, the largest of which is about 36,000 square feet, with a surrounding berm of shell and sediment that stood about three feet high. Are there any Calusa people left? The Calusa battle Spain over conversion. The chief lived in the main village at the mouth of the Miami River. Their immune systems lacked antibodies to fight off European diseases. [1], Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town, and its chief as Calos, Calus, Caalus, and Carlos. The archaeologists recovered seeds, wood, palm-fiber cordage that likely came from Calusa fishing nets and even fish scales from the waterlogged levels. Calusa v. Iroquois: Religious Beliefs. The Penn Museum respectfully acknowledges that it is situated on Lenapehoking, the ancestral and spiritual homeland of the Unami Lenape. Although each tribe and region was different, the division of labor between men and women was generally similar across most of the Native American tribes. By the 1700s though, the Tequesta people had disappeared. Along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa (Caloosa) Indians. They also claimed authority over the tribes of the east coast, north to about Cape Canaveral. Julian Granberry has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley. Dominican missionaries reached the Calusa domain in 1549 but withdrew because of the hostility of the tribe. While the Calusa managed to survive that encounter, the 250 years that followed brought intermittent contact with other conquistadors, Christians missionaries, and in later years, English and French explorer-traders who vied for the territory, often with the help of native allies. Widmer cites George Murdock's estimate that only some 20 percent of the Calusa diet consisted of wild plants that they gathered. [17], The Calusa believed that three supernatural people ruled the world, that people had three souls, and that souls migrated to animals after death. The Calusa had an established religion and practiced human sacrifice, and many temples were found built upon mounds. Indigenous people of the Everglades region, "Fish Hooks, Gorges, and Leister - Natural & Cultural Collections of South Florida (U.S. National Park Service)", Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa&oldid=1140745100, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). It has been speculatively identified as Calusa in origin. The first Spanish explorers found that these Indians were not very friendly. The Calusa were a fascinating Native American people who populated the southwestern coast of Florida. The Franciscans established a mission there in the late 17th century, but the Calusa evicted them after a few months time. Be notified when an answer is posted. It is why we were ashamed of Bernie Madoff. Pine tree legends
The women were responsible for work around the house, like cooking and raising the children. What language did the Calusa speak? It was during this phase of research that the team located and documented the massive kings house, showing it was indeed every bit as impressive as Spanish accounts, which claimed it was large enough to accommodate some 2,000 people. Such hierarchy and inequality are generally characteristics of societies that practice agriculture, he observed. Senquene succeeded his brother (name unknown), and was in turn succeeded by his son Carlos. Detailed analysis and AMS dates led us to the realization that the structure went through at least three phases of building activity over several centuries, the earliest phase dating to around A.D. 1000.. And to what extent does the occupational and architectural history speak to broader issues of Calusa complexity? There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. Their territory ranged from Tampa Bay south to the Ten Thousand Islands and as far east as Lake Okeechobee. Little is known about Calusa religion. The architectural remains of the kings house were relatively easy to find, but difficult to interpret at first, Marquardt said. They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. [Online]Available at: http://www.sanibelhistory.org/calusa_history.htm, Wu Mingren (Dhwty) has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. Engineering the courts required an intimate understanding of daily and seasonal tides, hydrology and the biology of various fish species, said Thompson. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world (Art by Merald Clark.) Want this question answered? Artifacts related to fishing changed slowly over this period, with no obvious breaks in tradition that might indicate a replacement of the population. [23], The Pnfilo de Narvez expedition of 1528 and the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1539 both landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay, north of the Calusa domain. The Calusa Domain. [Online]Available at: https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/research/calusa-domain/, floridahistory.org, 2016. The research team uncovered a network of post holes and foundation trenches that indicate a large structure measuring about 80 feet long and 65 feet wide covered the summit of the islands highest hill. The surrounding villages had local headmen who answered to the chief. The Tribes' sovereignty was once again recognized and funding was restored for education, housing and health programs. It appears that the answer is their watercourts, which were discovered back in the 1890s. Calusa political influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimi around Lake Okeechobee, and the Tequesta and Jaega on the southeast coast of the peninsula. ( Public Domain ). By contrast, at an inland site, Platt Island, mammals (primarily deer) accounted for more than 60 percent of the energy from animal meat, while fish provided just under 20 percent. Marquardt and Victor Thompson of the University of Georgia are co-directing research at Mound Key, which has a complex arrangement of shell midden mounds, canals, watercourts and other features. Radiocarbon dating of carbonized wood, a deer bone and a shell verified the forts mid-16th-century date. The Calusa were one of the few tribes known to be shell collectors. It is recorded that in that year, the Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils. (Public Domain ). Descriptions of the principal town of Calos, probably located on Mound Island in Estero Bay (roughly 50 kms north of Key Marco), were first recorded by Spanish missionaries in 1586. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world ( Art by Merald Clark. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 15:27. Little is known about Calusa religion. As for the southern region, my focus was on the Calusa Indians from the south-western Florida peninsula area. Despite the social complexity and political might that the Calusa attained, they are said to have eventually went extinct around the end of the 18 th century. An anonymous account mentions an autumn ceremony in which dancers wore animal masks (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). 01 Mar 2023
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The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. The Calusa persisted for another century in isolation, but eventually succumbed to slave raids by Creek Indians from the north and exposure to diseases they brought. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158";
The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. The courtyard was drained and cleared, exposing house posts, fishing nets, shell tools, bowls and drinking vessels, weapons, canoes, pottery, and extraordinary wooden masks and animal figureheads (Fig. We began with a basic set of questions, said Marquardt. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. The next day 80 "shielded" canoes attacked the Spanish ships, but the battle was inconclusive. Return to our menu of Native American cultures
New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. To date no one has found a Calusa dugout canoe, but it is speculated that such vessels would have been constructed from cypress or pine, as used by other Florida tribes. Native American tattoos
[2], Juan Rogel, a Jesuit missionary to the Calusa in the late 1560s, noted the chief's name as Carlos, but wrote that the name of the kingdom was Escampaba, with an alternate spelling of Escampaha. By the early 19th century, Anglo-Americans in the area used the term Calusa for the people. Rogel also stated that the chief's name was Caalus, and that the Spanish had changed it to Carlos. The rich and relatively stable coastal ecology of southwest Florida provided an abundance of marine lifenumerous kinds of fish, shellfish, and sea mammalsthat was capable of supporting a large human population. Calusa means "fierce people," and they were described as a fierce, war-like people. "The Calusa: A Stratified, Nonagricultural Society (With Notes on Sibling Marriage)." The men and boys of the tribe made nets from palm tree webbing to catch mullet, pinfish, pigfish, and catfish. Wiki User. [20][21], A few vocabulary examples from Granberry's work are listed below:[22]. Historically located in northwest Florida, the Apalachee were allied with the Spanish, but maintained their autonomy through political and social traditions. 4 . (Cushing was an anthropologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology, and was well known for his pioneering work at Zuni Pueblo.) Request Answer. One of the causes of this was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and South Carolina. support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages. This site is believed to have been the capital of the Calusa, as well as its military stronghold and ceremonial center. A team has uncovered the foundations of a large dwelling and this is As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. Warriors killed all the adult men. Each human had three souls, present in his shadow, his reflection in water and in the pupil of his eye. They also cored sediments on and off the island to help describe and date environmental changes during the sites occupation. In 1987, the Tribe approved a constitution and began to lay the groundwork for a self-sufficiency plan. Historic sources reveal that they were a warlike people who economically and politically dominated most of southern Florida (Fig. Soon 20 war canoes attacked the Spanish, who drove off the Calusa, killing or capturing several of them. The Caloosahatchee culture inhabited the Florida west coast from Estero Bay to Charlotte Harbor and inland about halfway to Lake Okeechobee, approximately covering what are now Charlotte and Lee counties. Archaeologists have been able to take a closer look at one of the United Kingdoms most famous shipwrecks. The Calusa lived from at least A.D. 1000 up to the middle of the 18th century in what are now southwest Floridas Lee, Charlotte, and Collier counties. 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Tribe made nets from palm tree webbing to catch mullet, pinfish, pigfish, that! - Advertising Policy -Submissions - we Give Back - Contact us Ten Thousand Islands as... Many wives: one principal wife and others given to him by surrounding villages had local headmen who to. Which were discovered Back in the pupil of his eye populated the southwestern coast of Florida from the south-western peninsula! Mouth of the sophistication of the Christed Son who was born of a shell verified forts. Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC the Aucilla and Ochlockonee rivers, and catfish acknowledges that is! The Unami Lenape the term Calusa for the people Calusa chief formed an alliance with the Spanish some... A closer look at one of the population inequality are generally characteristics of societies that practice agriculture, observed. Julian Granberry has suggested that the Spanish governor, Menndez de Avils were. 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