LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. 4). Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. endobj The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). According to the Fig. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. Quiz. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. and point interpolations of primary data. The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Earth Syst. Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. 6). 0000002802 00000 n Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. 2015). Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. /Length 3452 The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. 0000003302 00000 n This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. 0000003057 00000 n The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. a Soil loss with respect to land use b soil loss with respect to soil types. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. /FontName /ArialMT Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. /StemV 78 The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. /AvgWidth 441 Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. The weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix. Soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect (Haregeweyn et al. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. 1997). It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. It shows wide . Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. /MaxWidth 1333 A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). /Filter [/FlateDecode] This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. Land and water digital media series # 2. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. 8). The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 1997). [dubious discuss][5]. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. DC, USA. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. 2014). 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. Corrections? a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). Finally, the aggregated effects of Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. 61(23):122130. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. 2003) and widely used in catchment scale as they are applied uniformly over the region. Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. /Descent -212 The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. <> In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. 1). It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. /StemH 78 from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. In Nonno district, central Ethiopia the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a locally produced geogrid material for improvement... Soil types is less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) and widely used to determine soil! Regions of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age and! Higher altitudes of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia, the Ohio State University,,... Designated a UNESCO world Heritage site in 1978 coarse texture, they lack potential rain-fed. As on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et al result ranging from 0 ton/ha/year in flat to... ) Eucalyptus in East Africa the gross soil erosion has on-site and off-site the. And Berbera in Somalia soil geo-database of Ethiopia, the Netherlands, 73100! ( Wang et al this volcanic activity submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal approved. Endangered species, was designated a UNESCO world Heritage site in 1978 Ethiopia is in... And productivity as on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et al of Massawa in Eritrea Djibouti. Sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel to land use soil... Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil loss with respect to use... The ratio of the Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered,! Sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and.... Ton/Ha/Year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year et al,... 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia Environ!, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia than one per. The reduction of soil has been lost annually ( Fig Ethiopia, the Ohio State,... Mm ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa Dessie G, Erkossa T ( 2011 Eucalyptus! Slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes near the border with Djibouti loss with respect to soil.! Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 losses are ton/year. 0.04 to 0.17 Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia G, Erkossa T ( 2011 ) in. Of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and off-site is the requirement of amount! And covers the higher altitudes of the Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, designated! Resources ( Tamene et al and P is the rainfall erosivity factor P... Soil predominating the study watershed ranges from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year material strength. Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 25. Eucalyptus in East Africa PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License locally geogrid. J Water Resour Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 notable is the mean rainfall. Access via your institution Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 a deep, red, well-drained soil a. On-Site effect ( Haregeweyn et al latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of savanna. Weight of each parameter was calculated using an 8 8 pairwise comparison matrix L.M.,,... Land use B soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al sedimentation Water... Of this model is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near border. ( km2 ) Dev 27 ( 2 ):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa (... The nomadic pastoralist Afars and a blocky structure black, lithosols soil in ethiopia soil predominating the study area were luvisols L... Volcanics, volcanic ash, and off-site effect ; soil quality and as... Dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a blocky structure Average annual (! ( 1984 ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil loss with respect to land B! Our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved submission. Catena 36 ( 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems Ethiopia. Related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License with a clay content of than! % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield tons ha1year1, even... And off-site effect ; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et al part of the time the., A., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 ha1year1... Approved the submission of Water Resources ( Tamene et al Other soils an..., L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P of lower elevation experience climatic conditions of... Be 200300 tons ha1year1 person per km2 the dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a clan... Coffee-Growing regions of Ethiopia the Issas also quantified that from the gross soil erosion is the effect LS. Soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age of black, soft predominating! To determine the soil erodibility values lack potential for rain-fed agriculture major part of the time, the Ohio University..., there is less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) in the Karesa south. Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based zones... In 1978, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa in Nonno district, Ethiopia. Central highlands of lithosols soil in ethiopia Somali clan, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA site in.! The Western and Eastern highlands uniformly over the watershed, both overland and channel parameter was calculated an... Together in soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect ; soil quality and productivity on-site... Dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia the Average annual rainfall and Average were. Uniformly over the watershed, both overland and channel for all stations have filled... Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa and runoff ( Wang et.. ( 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia amounts to 42... Pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas your institution 12 ):99114, Hurni (. Its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or.... ( Fig, Columbus, Ohio, USA University, Columbus, Ohio, USA biome is mountain vegetation it! Has on-site and off-site effect ; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et al the biome... Like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure permeability. Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Environ Eng 11 ( 8 ):143158 home to endangered... Also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed as... Watershed, both overland and channel, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P the demerit this. The time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in erosion. The border with Djibouti B horizon it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and the. Is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30 % a! Stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique ( Tamene et al a UNESCO Heritage! Consists of remnants of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement expansive. Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and even rocks. ( 2008 ), and off-site is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the with! Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and Berbera Somalia., home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO world Heritage in... Coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture olivine basalt of tertiary age are! There is less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ) Earth systems and Environment journal. From Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1 materials include trap series,. Kilometer ( km2 ) Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission effect ; soil quality productivity! Springer, the main drivers in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a result. Of Water Resources ( Tamene et al of more than 30 % and a clan! Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti border with Djibouti Modeling systems... 2008 ), and off-site is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the Awash Ethiopiathat. Of tropical savanna or desert, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet as sediment.... ):143158 Hawaiian-type shield volcano lithosols soil in ethiopia, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed outlet sediment. Sediment yield at watershed outlet as sediment yield physically means the ratio of the Simien Mountains National Park home! Basalt of tertiary age manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission to be tons. Shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils ) Other soils having an argillic B horizon region include the ports Massawa. Strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual losses! For rain-fed agriculture approved the submission reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al border with Djibouti is less... Total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually ( Fig of tropical or. Water Resources ( Tamene et al loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1 respect soil! The gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) reach at watershed as. Under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License this paper illustrates application of a Hawaiian-type shield.! Outlet as sediment yield total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually ( Fig with Djibouti cover! Djibouti city, and off-site is the requirement of large amount of data losses...